The Diversity of Characters, Attitudes, and Messages through Different

The different translations of The Oedipus Cycle emphasize and suggest different aspects of the presented scene. There are multiple examples of this in the parity of The Fitts and Fitzgeralds Translation and the Luci Berkowitz and Theodore F. Brunners Translation. Such as the deflections in format, sentence structure, and diction imply different characteristics. Also, similarities in the two translations reinforce the importance of the concepts. The near noticeable difference in the two translations is the format of writing. The Fitts and Fitzgeralds Translation was in a formal poem format whereas the Luci Berkowitz and Theodore F. Brunners Translation was in a more informal paragraph. The diction of the two paragraphs reflects the formal versus informal aspect as well. For example, in comparing the root lines of both translations, it was noticed that the Fitts and Fitzgeralds Translation referred to the public as, generations of the life in the line of Kadmos, nursed at his pa st hearth (F & F,) while the translators of Luci Berkowitz and Theodore F. Brunners Translation referred to the public as simply, the sons of the ancient house of Cadmus (LB & TB.) The first translation offered much more information and description of the population of Thebes. Also, the phrase nursed at his hearth requires the reader to be of a higher education because hearth is not in the everyday vocabulary of just anyone. On of the most dominant similarities between the two translations is the Oedipuss arrogance. The first part of the sentence, if it were viewed separately, sounded like Oedipus genuinely cared for the throng when he said, I choose not to hear it from my messengers, but came myself (LB & TB.) This quote showed how Oedipus was putting let on the effort of access out to the general public to see how bad things were. He did not wish to just sit back and find out the news with hearsay. He wished to see it for himself. All of his sensitivity was then void with the rest of the sentence when he said, I have come myself to hear you I, Oedipus, who bear the celebrated name (F & F.) The rest of the sentence gave off the impression that Oedipus was telling his own people that they were lucky that he even came out to see them. A firearm as important and famous as he should not n... ...tz and Theodore F. Brunners Translation, Oedipus addressed the citizens as, children, sons of the ancient house of Cadmus (LB & TB,) and in the Fitts and Fitzgeralds Translation, Oedipus addressed the populace as, my children, generations of the living in the line of Kadmos (F & F.) Although they may not seem to be very different at all, they are in fact extremely different. By addressing the people as children versus my children, Oedipus switched the relationship from a ruler and the ruled to a father and his children. To an unaided eye, it may appear as if there is no significant difference between one translation and another, but in reality there are several dif ferences. The same core message is there, but in this case, Oedipus came out to be a much better leader in the Fitts and Fitzgeralds Translation due to his ability to stay calm in calamitous situations and his firm connection with the people. It must be kept in mind, though, that the similarities are just as important as the differences. With the presence of similarities, the message is amplified greatly, as in the instances of Oedipuss arrogance and his goal to help.

Swiper as a Trickster :: essays research papers fc

Dora the Explorer is one of many of the new suggests for the next generation. This is a cartoon with discordant settings, depending on the adventure of the day. Dora is a girl that is bilingual and has a magic backpack and a monkey named Boots as a friend. She is continuously helping soul get home and/or out of a jam. Dora and Boots have traveled in time and to far away(p) lands to help. Like most kids shows of today, it is an educational show that teaches Spanish words and counting. There are also the lessons on comparison, sharing, and compromise. The lessons are hidden within the show and not jammed down the viewers throats. Interactivity is strongly promoted. Swiper is used to help teach the morals of right from wrong. In Dora, Swiper plays the role of the trickster. Swiper is a fox that wears a mask and gloves, like a vernacular thief would wear. Swiper is a traditional trickster in several ways. Swiper displays several characteristics of a trickster as defined by Hynes. He is a fox, which is a common animal to be a trickster. He is very selfish as he disrupts what Dora is trying to accomplish for no reason than to annoy her. Swiper is always seen alone and doesnt join in with others. Most of the time the tricks he plays on Dora and Boots backfire on him.In the episode Three Little Piggies, Swiper tries to err the blue ribbons that the three pigs have won. He is stopped by Dora and her friend Boots, saying Swiper, no swiping three times, but he scares the three piggies and they run away causing problems. While trying to round up the three piggies, Swiper keeps throwing Dora off the trail of them by disguising the way to go. According to Hynes his lying, cheating, tricking, and deceiving may derive from the trickster cosmos simply an unconscious numbskull, or at other times, from the trickster being a malicious spoiler (35). Swiper is a malicious spoiler as he tries to interrupt whatever Dora is doing for no good reason other than to amuse himself. Dora and her friends, saying Swiper, no swiping, foil him. Swiper always responds to the Swiper, no swiping with an Oh, man He hangs his straits while saying this. In one episode that he tries to delay Dora crossing a bridge but falls in the river himself.

Birth And Upbringing :: essays research papers

Birth And UpbringingMOHANDAS KARAMCHAND GANDHI was born on October 2, 1869, at Porbandar, a small township on the western coast of India, which was then one of the many tiny states in Kathiawar. He was born in middle class family of Vaishya caste. His grandfather had come up to be the Dewan or Prime Minister of Porbandar and was succeeded by his son Karamchand who was the father of Mohandas. Putlibai, Mohandass mother, was a saintly character, gentle and devout, and left a deep impress on her sons mind.Mohandas went to an elementary tutor in Porbandar, where he found it difficult to master the multiplication tables. "My intellect must have been sluggish and my memory raw", he recalled with candour many years later. He was seven when his family moved to Rajkot, another state in Kathiawar, where his father became Dewan. There he attended a autochthonic school and later joined a high school. Though conscientious he was a "mediocre student" and was excessively shy an d timid.While his school record gave no indication of his future greatness, there was one incident which was significant. A British school inspector came to examine the boys and set a spell test. Mohandas made a mistake which the class teacher noticed. The latter motioned to him to copy the correct spelling from his neighbours slate. Mohandas refused to take the hint and was later chided for his "stupidity".We can excessively discover in the little boy a hint of that passion for reforming others which later became so dominant a trait of the Mahatma, though in this guinea pig the zeal almost led him astray. Impelled by a desire to reform a friend of his elder brothers, one Sheikh Mehtab, he civilised his company and imbibed habits which he had to regret later. This friend convinced him that the British could rule India because they lived on sum which gave them the necessary strength. So Mohandas who came on orthodox vegetarian family took to tasting meat clandestinely, for patriotic reasons. But apart from the inherited vegetarian sentiment which made him feel, afterwards he had once swallowed a piece, as if "a live goat were bleating internal me", he had to wrestle with the knowledge that such clandestine repasts would have to be hidden from his parents which would entail falsehood on his part. This he was reluctant to do. And so after a few such experiments he gave up the idea, consoling himself with the reflection "When they are no more and I have found my freedom, I leave behind eat meat openly.

Joseph Conrad’s Heart of Darkness - A Modernist Novel :: Joseph Conrad Heart of Darkness

Joseph Conrads Heart of Darkness - A Modernist NovelModernism began as a movement in that tardy 19th, early 20th centuries. Artists started to feel restricted by the styles and conventions of the Renaissance period. Thusly came the dawn of Modernism in many another(prenominal) divers(prenominal) forms, ranging from Impressionism to Cubism. In order to research new venues of creativity Modernists tinkered with the perception of veridicality. During the Renaissance, the depiction of a subject was very straight forward. A painting had to play like what it represented. The truth was absolute and unspoiled and wrong were clearly defined. For Modernists, the world is much more than obscure. In Impressionist paintings, lines are non definite and things run for to blur together. Faces ordinarily do non differentiate one soulfulness from another.Cubism takes the opposite route for the same effect. Solid lines are drawn, but the painting itself is usually more abstract (as with Picasso). At propagation it can be difficult to discern what some paintings are supposed to represent. Bright, vivid colors infuse the pieces with more passion. The contrast mingled with those not thoroughly defined objects and the punch of emotion gives cubism its personality and vitality.Many believed that Modernist works were not art because they did not always go steady like real life. But what is real life? A new outlook on reality was taken by Modernists. What is true for one person at one time is not true for another person at a different time. Experimentation with perspective and truth was not hold to the canvas it influenced literary circles as well.Joseph Conrads Heart of Darkness is a great example of a Modernist unused because of its general obscurity. The language is thick and opaque. The novel is littered with words such as inconceivable, inscrutable, gloom. Rather than defining characters in black and white terms, like good and bad, t hey entire novel is in different shades of gray. The unfolding of events takes the reader between many a foggy bank the action in the book and not just the language echoes tones of gray.In Modernist literature, much like painting, there is experiment with form narration style, tone, plot line. Instead of having Kurtz tell his story, or Marlow recite the tale of his journey, the actual narrator in the Heart of Darkness is an unknown passenger on the Nellie.Joseph Conrads Heart of Darkness - A Modernist Novel Joseph Conrad Heart of DarknessJoseph Conrads Heart of Darkness - A Modernist NovelModernism began as a movement in that late 19th, early 20th centuries. Artists started to feel restricted by the styles and conventions of the Renaissance period. Thusly came the dawn of Modernism in many different forms, ranging from Impressionism to Cubism. In order to explore new venues of creativity Modernists tinkered with the perception of reality. During the Renaissance, the depiction of a subject was very straight forward. A painting had to look like what it represented. The truth was absolute and right and wrong were clearly defined. For Modernists, the world is much more obscure. In Impressionist paintings, lines are not definite and things tend to blur together. Faces usually do not differentiate one person from another.Cubism takes the opposite route for the same effect. Solid lines are drawn, but the painting itself is usually more abstract (as with Picasso). At times it can be difficult to discern what some paintings are supposed to represent. Bright, vivid colors infuse the pieces with more passion. The contrast between those not well defined objects and the punch of emotion gives cubism its personality and vitality.Many believed that Modernist works were not art because they did not always look like real life. But what is real life? A new outlook on reality was taken by Modernists. What is true for one person at one time is not true for another person at a different time. Experimentation with perspective and truth was not confined to the canvas it influenced literary circles as well.Joseph Conrads Heart of Darkness is a great example of a Modernist novel because of its general obscurity. The language is thick and opaque. The novel is littered with words such as inconceivable, inscrutable, gloom. Rather than defining characters in black and white terms, like good and bad, they entire novel is in different shades of gray. The unfolding of events takes the reader between many a foggy bank the action in the book and not just the language echoes tones of gray.In Modernist literature, much like painting, there is experimentation with form narration style, tone, plot line. Instead of having Kurtz tell his story, or Marlow recite the tale of his journey, the actual narrator in the Heart of Darkness is an unknown passenger on the Nellie.

The Future is here :: essays papers

The Future is hereThe idea of being able to choose the grammatical gender of a child has not always been around. This controversy did not come about until recently because now we have the technology to perform this act of sex determination. Some say that we should be able to choose the gender of our children. However, other people think that we shouldnt be able to because they say that it is experimenting with nature. Also, that it is unnatural. I used to think the way of the second viewpoint, but not anymore. thither is absolutely nothing wrong with couples being able to choose whether they want to have a baby girl or a boy.According to an bind in Newsweek called The Brave New World of Sex Selection by Thomas Hayden, this is possible. The article states how it is done. To do this, scientists measure DNA in sperm cells and expand the millions of them through a tiny tube in a single file. They then separate the girl sperm from the boy sperm. They can grade the difference b ecause girl sperm has more DNA. The separated sperm cells are then used, one or the other, to impregnate a woman to have a girl or a boy. In a study, fifteen out of seventeen women with the girl sperm had girls. Getting the Girl by Lisa Bellkin, an article in the New York Times Magazine, states a 93% success rate.Some mothers might only want a girl when others might want a boy. If a couple has a strong opinion that one sex is easier to raise over the other, such as a boy, they might not want the misfortune of trying to raise a girl. A family could also want a boy to carry on the family name.In my opinion, I would go through this mental process to have a girl. I think that since obviously I am a girl, I could do a better job of raising a girl than a boy. A parent could think that they know more about one sex than the other and choose to raise that sex.Another sympathy that I think people should be able to choose the gender of their child is because if you already have three boys in your house, it could be time for a change.

The Future is here :: essays papers

The Future is hereThe idea of being able to choose the sex activity of a child has not always been around. This controversy did not come about until recently because now we have the technology to perform this act of sex determination. Some say that we should be able to choose the gender of our children. However, other people think that we shouldnt be able to because they say that it is experimenting with nature. Also, that it is unnatural. I used to think the way of the second viewpoint, but not anymore. in that location is absolutely nothing wrong with couples being able to choose whether they want to have a baby girl or a boy.According to an expression in Newsweek called The Brave New World of Sex Selection by Thomas Hayden, this is possible. The article states how it is done. To do this, scientists measure DNA in sperm cells and flip over the millions of them through a tiny tube in a single file. They then separate the girl sperm from the boy sperm. They can ramify t he difference because girl sperm has more DNA. The separated sperm cells are then used, one or the other, to impregnate a woman to have a girl or a boy. In a study, fifteen out of seventeen women with the girl sperm had girls. Getting the Girl by Lisa Bellkin, an article in the New York Times Magazine, states a 93% success rate.Some mothers might only want a girl when others might want a boy. If a couple has a strong opinion that one sex is easier to raise over the other, such as a boy, they might not want the hardness of trying to raise a girl. A family could also want a boy to carry on the family name.In my opinion, I would go through this forge to have a girl. I think that since obviously I am a girl, I could do a better job of raising a girl than a boy. A parent could think that they know more about one sex than the other and choose to raise that sex.Another causa that I think people should be able to choose the gender of their child is because if you already have thre e boys in your house, it could be time for a change.

Organic Food †Is It Worth Its Price? Essay

Organic farming began in the late 1940s in the United States, and in recent years it has seen a dramatic increase in popularity (Rubin 1). The sales of total feed down been increasing by about 20 percent a year everywhere the past decade (Marcus 1). That is over ten times the rate of their conventional counterparts (Harris 1). There are 10 million consumers of radical sustenance in the United States, yet constitutive(a) food represents only one percent of the nations food supply.This year total food sales are expected to rise to six one thousand million dollars (Rubin 1). So what is organic food? Organic food is that which are liberal without hormones, pesticides, or synthetic fertilizers. Also, the soil in which organic food are fully grown must be clean for three years (Howe 4). Nearly 70 percent of the American public believes that the organic label on food products mover they are safer to eat and better for the environment according to a survey by the National Center for Public Policy (Cummins 1).Organic farming does have its advantages it conserves water and soil resources, recycles animal waste, releases fewer chemicals, improves soil fertility, promotes diversity of crops, and protects farm workers, livestock, and wildlife from potentially harmful pesticides (Rubin 4). But is organic food safer than conventional foods? not only can organic food be back upd with bacteria and pesticides, just also they are much expensive than conventional foods, yet do not offer a better nutritional value or significantly better taste.Sir John Krebs, a zoologist appointed to head the intellectual nourishment Standards Agency in the United Kingdom said that people who bought organic food thinking it was safer or more nutritive were wasting their money (Jones 1). Critics of organic farming claim that it is dodgy, environmentally damaging and, above all, incapable of feeding an overpopulated world because crop yields are lowlyer than in conventional agricul ture (Jones 2). If you are looking for for health benefits from organic food, save your money. Organic food is not necessarily safer than conventional foods.Eileen White, owner of a health food store that sells organic products, says, I cant guarantee that organic food is safer than regular foods, but that is just a risk that more or less consumers are willing to take. first principles 20-20 storyed finding higher concentrations of bacteria on organic set out than on conventional produce (Tierney 1). Organic food can be contaminated with salmonella, Listeria, or E. coli. These microorganisms can cause illness and even death (Rubin 2). Also, since organic food is grown with manure, there is a greater risk of bacterial contamination.Animal waste is used as a fertilizer instead of synthetic chemicals on organic food, and this animal waste may contain touch-and-go bacteria (Tierney 1). Although the manure is composted to kill the bacteria, uncertified farmers may not always follow the proper procedure. Dean Cliver, a professor of food safety at the University of California at Davis, states We know that animals are shedding bacteria that can make people sick if the manure hasnt been treated properly. Personally, if I knew something was grown with conventional chemical fertilizers, I would feel extra safe.But we dont have any data to show that organic food is more or less safe (Tierney 2). Many consumers buy organic food because they think that they are pesticide free, but this is not true. Organic farmers can use inhering pesticides such as sulfur, copper, nicotine, and plant extracts (Rubin 2). Synthetic pesticides can also be found on organic food. Synthetic pesticides can be carried by wind, instal water, rain, or soil from new(prenominal) farms to organic farms and contaminate the organic food being grown there (Rubin 2).Eighty-nine to ninety percent of all pesticides regorge from their point of application, which increases the risk of nearby areas be ing exposed (Howe 2). Also, synthetic pesticides used before may not have disappeared from the soil and therefore can contaminate organic crops (Rubin 2). Many people do not notice a significant difference in the taste of organic food and conventional foods. or so organic food taste very different as compared to conventional foods, like organic milk (White). Sue Gebo, author of Whats Left to release? explains studies do not show a significant taste difference between organic and conventional crops (Rubin 3). U. S. News held a blind taste exam to determine if organic food tasted better than conventional foods. Winter tomatoes, both organic and conventional, were equally tasteless. Conventional carrots and blueberry yogurt tasted better than their organic counterparts, but organic orange juice tasted better than conventional orange juice (Marcus 3). Agricultural Secretary Dan Glickman states that organic food is no more wholesome or nutritious than conventional foods (Marcus 1).Alt hough organic food is almost completely free from synthetic chemicals found in synthetic foods, they are no richer in vitamins, antioxidants, and early(a) nutrients. They are not less likely to make a soul sick either (Marcus 2). The higher grocery price only buys a person peace of mind, not better nutrition. The cost of organic food can be 20 percent to 50 percent more than conventional foods due(p) to limited supply, special handling, and required certification (Rubin 1). All organic food must be produced without synthetic pesticides and genetic engineering.The use of sewage sludge as fertilizer and irradiating food to preserve it will be banned also, as will hormones and antibiotics in organic meat and dairy products (Marcus 1). Not using these technologies makes organic farming more labor intensive, therefore making organic food more expensive. Organic food also has other disadvantages. One disadvantage is a short shelf life. Cereals, breads, nuts, seeds, and oils should be r efrigerated. Also, meats cured without nitrates and nitrites should be frozen (Rubin 2).Organic farming also yields fewer crops because insects, weeds, and fungi often damage a large portion of organic crops than conventionally grown crops (Howe 5). Finally, only about half of the states regulate organic food and little exists to stop organic farmers from labeling any food they wish as organic (Howe 4). Recently, the safety of conventional foods has been questioned. The use of pesticides supplies higher crop yields, reduces the cost and labor of farming, and produces relatively unblemished, visually appealing produce (Howe 3).However, some scientists think that pesticide residues in conventional foods could, over many years, raise the risk of cancer and other illnesses. Hard evidence of this is scarce (Marcus 1). Pesticides are only dangerous if they are present in toxic amounts. Our food supply is safe because the Environmental Protection Agency controls the levels of pesticides u sed (Rubin 2). A panel of the National look into Council concluded in 1996 that tiny levels of chemicals in the food supply are unlikely to pose an appreciable cancer risk (Tierney 2).A similar report released in the same year by the National Academy of Sciences stated that pesticides pose little risk to humans because they are consumed at such low levels (Rubin 2). The health benefits of eating fruits and vegetables such as lower rates of cancer, stroke, and other diseases far outweigh any potential risks. Still, the thought of pesticides on fruits and vegetables may put away concern some consumers, so here are some ways to reduce exposure to pesticides. One should choose foods that are free of dirt, cuts, insect holes, decay, and mold.Also, selecting produce that has thick skins, husks, or hulls (like bananas, melons, and citrus fruits) reduces exposure to pesticides because the skins are harder to permeate. Before eating fruits and vegetables, they should be scrubbed using a ha rd produce brush and water-washed under cold water. Cooking or baking foods will also reduce pesticide residues, as will canning, freezing, or drying foods. Finally, one should eat a alter diet to reduce exposure to any single pesticide (Rubin 3). It is foolish for one to believe that just because a product is natural it is better than conventional products.E. coli and other microorganisms are natural too. Organic food is not any safer than conventional foods. They still can contain bacteria and pesticides, and are no more nutritious or delicious than conventional foods. Yet people are still willing to spend nearly twice as much on organic food. If one wants to buy foods that are more environmentally friendly, then organic food would be a good choice but if one is looking for immediate health benefits, save your money. An apple is an apple, whether it is organic or not, and people should not have to pay twice as much for peace of mind.

General Profile City of Kelsey

The urban center of Kelsey is a very eco-friendly confederation. Their goals were to provide a safer environment for their society. They wanted to encourage their quality of livelihood with health lifestyles and efforts for the environment. They have organic gardens, and orchards. They really focus on natural resources and preservation. The type of work in the City of Kelsey is a consulting firm, trucking company, organic fruits and vegetables, and a construction company.The prime shipping company is Huffman trucking which ships there organic, fruits and vegetables. Kelsey gardens runs a restaurant and have positions available in the vacationing season. They also have a construction company that helps Jobs become available for the residents of Kelsey such as construction, contracting, designing and engineering. The community of the City of Kelsey has an annual balloon fest every year, and a monthly farmers merchandise for the community. They also partake in the St.Patricks Day P arade, craft fairs, and a memorial softball tournament, and an annual 10K marathon. The residents of the City of Kelsey are very involved in their community and there are lots of activities for all. The members of the community really pull together to make things happen and keep everyone red ink. They also have a post locating that offers shipping and mailing services for the residents. There medical center allows you to get the proper care when you need it.The responsibilities of the people of the City of Kelsey is to let the community at one time that they focus on continuously improving and making the City of Kelsey a happy place for all. There are so many opportunities at the City of Kelsey whether its finding employment or Joining the small or large businesses of the community. Each member of this community puts all efforts to making sure that they keep their community clean and help everyone developing a healthy lifestyle.The responsibilities of the community to their indiv iduals are to let them feel like they can e comfortable and involved in their community. They offer numerous activities to bring everyone closer together as a community and at the same time they are having fun and staying healthy. As a member of this community being socially responsible would consist of volunteering my time and efforts to be a part of this community and do whatever it takes to keep it going strong and help come up with fresh new ideas for the community to grow and become a part of.

Behavioral Science

The article Short-Term and Long-Term Effects of Early P bental Employment on Children of the National longitudinal Survey of Y step uph, Elizabeth Harvey continues the exploration of an enduringly contentious subject. She walks us through findings heralded by six different studies. The researchers performing those studies based their findings on the same(p) data set taken from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY).Elizabeth made reference throughout the article of the widely differing results these six studies presented. No bingle study god in whole with any of the others. Elizabeth attributed this to the f execution that the data taken was widely varied and the set aboutes were also diverse. She took these studies into account and proceeded to perform her own investigation. In her analysis, Elizabeth was able to incorporate inconsistencies found in previous studies and was also able to use more recent data to validate or void these results.Using computes such as inc ome, age, IQ and hours worked in a twenty-four hour period brought no conclusive figures. Elizabeth was only able to come up with slight variations and consistencies. Two of the more full-grown results were 1) Early enate employment appeared to be almostwhat more beneficial for single mothers and lower income families. And 2) There was some certify for the hypothesis that early parental employment positively affects childrens development by increasing family income. If a broad view is taken of these studies, children are non any more or less akinly to develop negative or positive traits based on whether their parents employment status. Children have rarely been well defined by statistics. term this study certainly has its merits, specific details not included would make it difficult to attach psychological and cognitive development to parental use of day care. One such detail was suggested in the article.The quality of care provided would most certainly have an impact on a ny childs development. A nurturing environment would entirelyow a child to flourish and be successful while a hostile atmosphere would produce opposite results. Another factor would be the involvement of the parents in the childs development. If a child is in attendance at day care all day and comes foot to a parent who is attentive and interactive in a positive way, there is a better chance that child will know mental and cognitive advancement.A third factor addressed generally in the article deals with the age of the child when they enter into a day care situation. It is widely cognize infants go through an attachment phase through their startle year of life. After the successful completion of this phase, infants are more prepared to enter into tender settings when they are ripened. On the same note, children who are enrolled after their second or third year are better equipped to handle adjusting to metre remote from their parents as well as interacting with other childre n their same age.Discoveries made through this existing data offer insight to parents and care givers alike. Making information like this available permits them to make the best decision possible for their families, loved ones and for themselves. While many of the facts are still imprecise, further research will produce special insights. Works Cited Harvey, Elizabeth. Short-Term and Long-Term Effects of Early Parental Employment on Children of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth. Developmental Psychology 35. 2 (1999) 445-459. fashional scienceFamily military group is utilize to refer to the many forms of villainy or mistreatment or neglect that adults or children face within the family setting. Lately more tension is put on the groups that are victimized. Child annoyance and nuptial abhorrence are most emphasized areas. It is not definite how family violence is widespread as in most cases it remains untold. Spousal abuse is a major type of family violence. It entails any form of maltreatment of a woman or a man by their partners.There are different forms of spousals abuse and they include physical abuse, which includes any physical force meted on the person, sexual abuse which could be inform of degrading where one back end withhold finances required for necessities, stealing or using fraudulent means to take the partners finances. Spiritual abuse faeces also be used whereby one is denied the freedom of worship or engaging in spiritual or religious activities. Most causes of spousal abuse go unreported, as partners are less willing to name the abusers punished. Most believe that using the criminal justice system will not suffice.They also fail to trust that the system will protect them. Males and females get the same exposure to spousal abuse. Males are less likely to report their aim than females. The consequences of spousal abuse affect the physical, mental health and emotional aspects ones self esteem is reduced and their self-efficacy a nd worth consequently declines. Spousal abuse affects children growth in the homes where it occurs. It instills fear and close ups their reasoning ability. Spousal abuse can ensure a circular link whereby those who are maltreat maintain the cycle.Death for the abused person is the ultimate solution of those who are abused. Abused spouses undergo extra costs in terms of medical and health costs. Partners used in the operate of ensuring the reduction of spousal abuse include lawyers, psychologists, police, social workers and those who work with battered spouses. These parties work incorporation with the authorities of the day to ensure that family violence comes to a stop. A major government role in ensuring that this aim is reached is to strengthen the criminal system so that people shy away from committing such claims for fear of the punishment.Ways of enforcing the government is increasing the penalties and ensuring privacy and confidentiality of those who report violent cases. (Holden, pp320) To tackle spousal abuse the victims need to report the acts. The police tact is required so that justice brave outs when creditworthy abusers are arrested. Police protection will ensure that abused people come and report their cases with a tactful police force. Justice will prevail when they are arrested and taken to authorities. Public education will be a necessary step to ensure that spousal abuse is addressed.It sensitizes the public about their properlys and how they can fight exploitation by their spouses. Organizations dealing with battered spouses will help them heal from the wounds caused by the abuse. Dissemination of information about peoples right and access to usefulnesss that facilitate reduced abuse can be through publications. The governments of respective countries should increase their funding to projects that are geared towards eradication of family violence especially spousal abuse. (http//www. justice. gc. ca/en/ps/fm/spouseafs. html). The pol ice ensure that the country abides the laws of the day.They allow promotion of respect for the rights and freedoms. Live free is an brass section that deals with battered spouses. It acknowledges the importance of awareness in preventing and reducing family violence especially spousal abuse. It helps members of society understand the causes of the abuse and the forms by which it occurs. It also gives people a clear picture of the do of family violence to the society at large. It sensitizes people of how the abuse can be stopped. It assists victims understand how denial and isolation promotes the vice.The organization harbors victims of spousal abuse where it offers the basic ineluctably and counseling services. Those who undergo their program are changed by it eventually. Their cognizance about abuse and their rights enable the halting of such abuse. It ensures support and safety for the victims and instills in the minds of survivors that only them are accountable for stopping t heir violence. Inside the organization, social network groups are formed and through sharing experiences protection of members is sustained. (Tan et al, pp444) lacking(predicate) resources to fund the projects are a major challenge for the organization.The demand or needs of their services are increasing overwhelming and this hinders their efficiency. Battered immigrant women face challenges in seeking their services. Language barriers, fear of deportation and mistrust of the government hinder them from accessing Live Free services. It has succeeded in offering shelter for the abused spouses in society. It gives them a new lease of life where they are able to understand and end abuse. This is done through informative presentations or skills performed before officials like law enforcement and service providers.The organization uses art, music and fun in promoting awareness about family violence. It offers training for leaders to equip them with information and skills geared towards eradicating family violence. It has succeeded in ensuring peoples perception has changed. The judicial system has incorporated some guidelines aired by Live Free organization. It has also promoted leadership and empowerment development. Another problem faced is that some members in society may be unwilling to accept the organizations point of view. The police are influential in a countrys effectual institutional context.Police intervention on family violence is highly dependent on the peoples willingness to report the matters to them. The society determines what is crime and people will report family violence to the police if they consider it a crime. Police efforts of combating spousal abuse are negatively affected by womens attitudes. Sometimes women are hangdog of reporting incidences of violence. At other times they fear what will befall them after authorities handle their abusers. Fear of own victimization will hinder a woman from reporting a rape incidence.There is a high t endency of women understanding of violence and they try to justify their husbands actions. Notions used to justify violence against them include jealously, alcohol influence or hardships like unemployment or stressful work. (E. G et al, pp320) The police have succeeded in rescuing victims of spousal abuse who almost got killed. These incidences give the police joy as they save lives. The core purpose of the police in handling this problem is arresting culprits and ensuring justice ever so prevails. They offer investigative services here they investigate cases of spousal abuse that have been reported to them.They also provide legal services where by the surgical process of obtaining emergency or long-term protection for those who report cases to them are provided. This approach is very important in ensuring that other cases are reported. Those who shy away from reporting cases for fear of the abuser can now report their cases. The police also offer social services where counseling services are offered for the victims. The counselors are the first people to handle victims of abuse. They assess the problems of the victims to establish how they will be assisted.They aim to increase batterer accountability, empower the survivors to lead violent free lives and ensures society have cypher tolerance of family violence. (Brinkerhoff et al, pp26) The police advice victims that they will lay charges if their thorough investigation demands for it. They provide information of services they provide. They obtain statements, and gather evidence at the scene of verbalize abuse. They remain until the clouds are clear or there are no threats to the victim. Reduction of federal government funding would negatively affect the services offered by the police.Perception that spousal abuse is a private matter also limits the number of people reporting the issue. Success of the police in handling these services can be assessed by the reduction in violence overtime. (Burris et al,pp3 15) Ties of the offenders like economic ties, emotional ties and other shared memories make some spouses forfeit charges that could have see the abuse come to an end. Arresting offenders against the victims wishes hinders effectual eradication of family violence. Arrests have not been very successful in promoting behavior change. Not all abusers who are arrested change their behavior.Up to date the police still use the approaches they used before. Those who abuse their spouses are arrested and charged. The police face the challenge of risking their when investigating these cases. The people they are attempting to arrest can harm them. If the police force and the organizations dealing with battered spouses worked without hindrances like limited funds then they would be able to fulfill the needs of the victims of spousal abuse. The frustration faced by the police and organizations trying to help the abused spouses in society include the bureaucratic long procedures that hinder effect ive counteracting of abuse.Unwilling victims also contribute to inefficiency in the police will to combat spousal abuse. The police find joy when they help save victims of abuse from their abusers. Fear to approach the police also frustrates the police as it hinders their efficiency in promoting productive services. Dropping charges by the victims also frustrates the efforts by the police to fight spousal abuse. Officers agree that arresting offenders is not the sole way of eradicating or solving, spousal problem. Police are also accused of not responding quickly especially if according to their nous the person seeking for helping is not very desperate.Reference Hattendorf, J. , & Tollerud, T. R. Domestic Violence Counseling Strategies That Minimize the Impact of Secondary Victimization. Perspectives in Psychiatric Care, 1997, pp14-23 Sherman, L. W. , Schmidt, J. D. , Rogan, D. P. , Smith, D. A. , Gartin, P. R. , Cohn, E. G. , Collins, D. J. , & Bacich, A. R. The variable effects o f arrest on criminal careers The Milwaukee domestic violence experiment. The diary of Criminal Law & Criminology, 1992, 83, pp137-169. Brinkerhoff, M. B. , Grandin, E. , & Lupri, E. Religious involvement and spousal violence The Canadian case daybook for the Scientific Study of Religion, 1992, 31, pp15-31.Holden, G. & Ritchie, K. Linking extreme marital discord, child rearing, and child behavior problems Evidence from battered women. Child Development, 1991, 62, pp 311-327. Family violence Initiative. Spousal Abuse. A fact shred from Department of Justice Canada. 2006. Retrieved on 19th October 2007 from (http//www. justice. gc. ca/en/ps/fm/spouseafs. html). Tan, C. , Basta, J. , Sullivan, C. M. , & Davidson II, W. S. The Role of Social Support in the Lives of Women Exiting Domestic Violence Shelters Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 1995, pp 437-451 Burris, C. A. , & Jaffe, P. Wife abuse as a crime The impact of police laying charges.Canadian Journal of Criminology, 1983, 25, 3 09-318 Spanking a child is abusive. It has been found out that in the long term it may produce adverse effects to the child. Children who start being spanked at an early age end up adapting anti-social behavior like disobedience at school and deliberate breaking of things. Levels of anti-social behavior of children who dont get spanked were lower. The common saying spare the child assault the rod has been internalized in peoples mind but this has proved to have reverse effects. Spanking children has been going on for a long time with approximately 90% of parents in U.S spanking their children. Most parents regardless of their cultures spank their children occasionally. Most experts have divergent ideas as to whether it should be used but at some circumstances and that it should be done sparingly. Spanking is a way of enforcing limits to children especially when they are incontrollable and at a delicate age. Again, spanking may act as a means to warn them of activities that may be h armful to them option. Spanking is done more to boys than girls and it declines with age. Fathers are less likely to spank their older daughters while blacks and single wome

Front Office Management paper Essay

AbstractThis physical composition is aimed to discuss the need for clear procedures to be set for the pre-arrival stage of the node speech rhythm. The pre arrival stages in a guest cycle entail serve that are executed by people or other relevant systems (like software) to shift the best to the guests. Reservations are an all- authorised(prenominal) stage in pre-arrival of all guests. An effective service delivery will ensure the guests get satisfied from the very primary stages. springy preparations have to be made for the arrival of all guests by the front office department. Records have to be kept. Computers are essential in this process for they round an important facilitation role. talk of the need for clear procedures to be set for the pre-arrival stage of the guest cycleIntroductionThe main function of front office management is to welcome the guest and make all minutes smooth for the guest. According to Bakers, Huyton and Bradley (2000), a hotel system can be divided into four categories forming the guest cycle notably the pre-arrival, arrival, occupancy, and departure.This report aims to review the pre arrival stages of guest cycle in a guest cycle by focusing on front office section. The report begins with demonstration and background to pre arrival stages of guest cycle and front office management. It will discuss the activities that are partaken when a guest arrives to the front desk of a given hotel in the main body. Then, the conclusion is drawn at the final part.BackgroundIn hospitality industry, it is necessary for the service deliverer to give out his/her best services this is because the clients have nothing to carry home at the end of the transaction (Ismail, 2002). The most important thing is the experience they get from a given hotel. As earlier noted, the front office provides most reputation of a given hotel. The servers need to make great effort to ensure the delivery is up to the essential standards. Different writers have si milar views of the prospects that take place in the front office more so the pre arrival stage as will be discusses in the following section. According to Hai-yan and Baum (2006), most popular stages that have been identified in pre arrival of guests implyReservationRegistrationOccupancy servicesCheck-out and storyThe pre arrival stages in a guest cycle entail services that are executed by people or other relevant systems (like software) to deliver the best to the guests. The next section is the main body which analyse the activities that are partaken in the pre-arrival stage of the front desk of a hotel.Main bodyAccording to Powers et. Al (1999), the stages involved in the pre-arrival need to be distinct and specific. The environment and live need to be presentable to ensure the delivery is maximized in all situations. Bakers et. al. (2000) classified advertisement the guest cycle in the pre-arrivals, arrivals, occupancy and departure. They believe the pre arrival section mainl y comprise the booking doe by the clients and all events that will accelerate arrival of the guest.The front office is tasked with handling a large issuing of tasks in the guest cycle, they may include making reservations, check-in and registration, mail and cultivation management, handling luggages, communication services, handling the accounts for guests, checking out and settlement of bills (Bardi, 2011). The services here can be classified further to three main categories. These includeelectronic-mechanical, indirect personal and face to face transactions. The employees in the front desk are trained to employ these services to ensure maximum utility of the clients (Waryszak and Bauer, 1993).The guest cycle stages can be classified into sub-categories depending on different factors. A stage process divides the cycle into presale, sale and post-sale services. The presale services will be discussed into elaborate in this part. Of importance are the reservation services the clie nts can access from a given Hotel. The reservation stage will be vital for it provides the very initial interaction with the client. The hotel management is obliged to ensure that the staff in this category are very familiar with the activities at this stage and they deliver their best (Ismail, 2002). use up of computers has been of great help for they simplify the process, provide accuracy and speed, this makes the services look professional. The main source of information for reservations include Telephone callsEmailsLettersFax in the flesh(predicate) requestsThe clients will always check in for these services. The service providers will always check if the customer is black listed or not. Black listed customers are offered no chances for heterogeneous security reasons. Upon confirming a valid customer, the client is offered the rooms available according to his/her priority. If the priority of the clients is important and alternatives are given only when specific rooms are not a vailable (Hai-yan and Baum, 2006). The booking is indeed confirmed and recorded appropriately in the booking diaries or booking charts. The relevant documents are then filled and the process terminated. These processes are computer enabled to facilitate accuracy.The following considerations are essential when making reservations Front desk staffs should always offer alternatives to prevent closing the transactions Sale staffs should always use upselling and suggestive selling.Front desk staffs need to be proactive in deliveryProvide satisfying feedbacks to clientsConfirm all details to guests and keep up-to-date recordsBe appreciative to all clientsAll reservations need to be effectively recorded to ease communication and reference. The main details captured during reservations in pre arrival stage include guest name, address or the billing address, telephone number, origin or company, dates of arrival and departure, any special notes, and reservation type. It is likewise vital to note whether front desk staffs are dealing with a group or single persons.To make the reservation via computers, one would list the required software, run the rate plan query command, check for rate availability grid, look up for rate reservation screen, move to the profile screen, and finalize noting the reservation number (Bardi, 2011). The required details are filled into the computers at every given stage and clients informed of any necessary information.ConclusionIn as practically as the front office is not the main center or hub of a hotel, it is a vital department that makes the first and last impression to the guest. It is important as most guests will approach this department to seek clarification thus essential in retaining clients loyalty and reputation of a given hotel. Reservations are a vital stage in pre-arrival of all guests. An effective service delivery will ensure the clients get satisfied from the very initial stages. Vital preparations have to be made for the arrival of all guests by the front office department. Records have to be kept. Computers are essential in this process for they play an important facilitation role.ReferencesBaker, S., Huyton, J. & Bradley, P. (2000). Principles of hotel front office Operations. London Continuum.Bardi, J.A. (2011). Hotel Front Office Management. John Wiley and Sons, USA.Hai-yan, K. and Baum, T. (2006). Skills and work in the hospitality sector The case of hotel front office employees in China, International Journal of Contemporary cordial reception Management, Vol. 18. No. 6, pp.509 518.Ismail, A. (2002). Front Office Operations and Management. Cengage Learning, UK.Kasavana, M.L. and Brooks, R.M. (2012). Managing Front Office Operations (AHLEI). Prentice Hall PTR,USA.Powers, T. & Barrows, C.W. (1999). Introduction to the Hospitality Industry (4th Edition). John Wiley & Sons, Canada.Waryszak, R.Z. and Bauer, T.G. (1993). Front-office Staff Selection Techniques. International Journal of Contemporar y Hospitality Management, Vol. 5. No. 4.

Barclays Bank PLC Is A Multinational Company Essay

Ameni plug ins to attract highly skilled and creative persons at all important levels ? Tradition of closeness to key customers and target customers A business can differentiate itself by performing its existing value activities or reconfiguring in some unique ways. And the sustainability of that differentiation will depend on two things a continuation of its high perceived value to buyers and a escape of imitation by competitors. There are umpteen alternative strategic directions in which Barclaycard could implement in their current strategy of differentiation. These may include engineering innovation or product/ service differentiation.Product/service differentiation Product differentiation occurs when, owing to differences in physical attributes, ancillary service, geographic location, information, and/or subjective image, one firms products are clearly preferred by at least some buyers over rival products at a given price (, 1990, ). For firms seeking to make their demand curve less elastic, successful differentiation provides an insulated position against competitors by enabling firms to sell a big quantity at a given price or by allowing the firm to create brand loyalty in customers resulting in lower predisposition to price.This uniqueness may build an entry barrier for competitors to overcome (, 1992 , 1980). However, being unique may require a trade-off with investment if achieving differentiation requires dearly-won effort such as extensive research, product design, high quality materials, or intensive customer support. Thus, the firms employing the differentiation strategy cannot ignore costs and essay (, 1980). Horizontal product differentiation focuses on differences in attribute variety among competing brands. It occurs when one brand contains more of some attributes but less of some separate attributes in comparison to another brand ().Consumers different tastes will exploit differing strong and weak points among brands given identical pri ces (, 1992). The shift towards consumerism is accelerating with significant implications in many of the markets in which we operate. Fundamentally, our view is that consumerism involves a shift in power from institutions towards consumers. The rapid transformation of the credit card industry first with the severing of the traditional tie between buzzword accounts and credit tease and second, with the emergence of credit as a true commodity in the credit card industry illustrates this so well.Consumers in the past were grateful if they received credit it was seen as a right granted to a special few by a bank and hence banks held power over individuals. The value proposition was the availability of credit. Technology Innovation In the case of Barclaycard, it is could improve its operations and competitive advantage finished real time design data driven tools. This tool would improve their credit limit strategies and increase their interest earning balances. A Fair, Isaac Model Builder for the last trees may be used as this tool uses historical data to assist in identifying optimal account management strategies.Fair, Isaac Model Builder for stopping point Trees is a PC Windows based application designed specifically to support data driven strategy design. It gives lenders the power to rapidly create unsanded strategies in real time using multiple performance dimensions, to process large datasets rapidly so strategies at any point for greater understanding of the portfolio and transfers strategies to and from proceeds application with ease, putting new strategies into production faster.This real time, highly interactive approach dramatically shortens the time between strategy creation and roll out. With Barclaycard objectives of the new strategies to increase interest bearing balances, increase turnover, control bad debt, and address attrition, Fair, Fair Isaac can be a big help for the organization. While the fair number of cards in a persons wallet h as increased over the last five years, the value to an individual of having multiple cards will diminish in an environment where credit is a commodity.

Durga Puja Essay

One of the biggest social events of India, Durga Puja is considered the principal(prenominal) festival for Bengalis. It is a ten-day carnival in West Bengal, the eastern state of India. splendidly created puja pandals are erected at every some other street of Kolkata, the capital city of West Bengal. Every pooja pandal is unique in its own terms, with beautiful patterns that are received delight to the eyes. A spurt of fanfare can be sensed all through the ten geezerhood, especially on the last four geezerhood of the festival. Bengalis in the metro city rejoice to their hearts content. They consider the festival as a wonderful occasion to reconnect to their family and friends. The air is filled with festivity, during the season. In the following lines, we have provided information on the celebrations of Durga Puja in Kolkata.Durga Pooja Celebrations In KolkataPreparationsThe preparations of the festival commence one or two months in advance. Puja bonus (extra money isolated fr om the salary) is given to the employees of both government and private organizations, in Kolkata, since the bread-winner of the family brings in clothes and furbishes for the home, during the festive season. Pre-pooja bargain sales are displayed by shops, as they cash in a lot during the festival. Every household prepares itself to welcome the season, with great enthusiasm.Pre-Puja CelebrationsCelebrations of the festival start with Mahalaya, the first phase of the waxing moon in Aswin. During the time, about thousands of throng offer prayers to their ancestors at the citys river banks. This ritual is referred to as Tarpan. The festive mood builds up in the people, when Dhakis (drummers) belonging to the countryside start gathering unaired the city. The local Puja organizers are attracted by the feathered drums played by the drummers.Making Of IdolWhile the festival was celebrated within the families some times back, it has taken the shape of a community festival, celebrated at Puja pandals. Theconstruction of the deity of Goddess Durga and other gods start a couple of months prior to the festival. A place in the north Kolkata Kumartuli is famous for the production of beautiful idols made of clay. This is the region, where expert artisans show their dexterity of making idols of Goddess Durga, the demon Mahisasura, Lord Kartik, Lord Ganesha, Goddess Saraswati and Goddess Lakshmi, required for the festival.Construction Of Puja PandalPuja pandal is the main attraction of Durga Puja. Many people are expert at making magnificent Puja pandal, (the covered huge stage for the Puja), by using paper, wood, bamboos, clothes and other materials. They come up with a number of innovative ideas every year and cash in a lot of money by erecting the Puja pandals that act of mesmerizing art work. Some pandals are also built as the replica of world-famous structures.Celebrations On The Main Days Of PujaThe main days of Durga Puja are seventh, eight, ordinal and the tenth day. The festival picks up pace on the sixth day Maha Shashti. The long and details rituals of the Puja start on the seventh day. An expert priest is called upon to intonate mantras, shlokas and perform aarti and offerings at the Puja pandal. Apart from the rituals, cultural activities such as song and dance competitions and games are also organized during the last four days of the festival. captain singers are called upon to sing bhajans and stuti, to praise Goddess Durga. Outside the pandal, the city is illuminated with display of sparkling and colorful lights. Educational institutions and offices are closed during the four main days of Durga Puja. To put it in simple words, it can be said that Durga Pooja is the greatest festival of Kolkata.

Professional Standards for Teaching: a Review or Literature Essay

ABSTRACTAbstract- The aim of this article is to review the related literature to the highest degree the nonrecreational Standards for teachers. The conceptual and historical background of the passe-partout standards has been discussed in this article. It is viewed that quality of upbringing and quality of life atomic number 18 interdependent. Quality of commandment to a great intent lies on the quality of his teachers. professional standards for teachers are world used as a tool to improve the quality of educational activity. Standards are the measures of achievement for both the vocational teachers or educators and the their students. These victor standards are sub divided into content and consummation standards in the curriculum seek to assure excellence.These standards define and establish expectations, and bequeath a common base for planning. Professional standards for teachers also provide a foundational framework to develop pre-service teacher education programmes , accredit the institutions that offer them and to certify their graduates as clear teachers. In different western countries various organizations are responsible for the learning of different types of professional standards for teachers. In Pakistan, discipline Professional Standards for teachers has been introduced by the Federal Ministry of fostering in collaboration with UNESCO and USAID, which are discussed in detail in this review.IntroductionEducation is considered as one of the basic elements which contribute to the development of a plain and the prosperity of the masses. It promotes awareness among nation by making them able to read the world (Freire, 1987). The increasing use of technology has transformed the world into a globose village. This global community has accepted the principle that education is a basic human right. Accomplishment of such right does not only involve being given access to schools and being trained for life-long learning via either formal or non-formal means, but more importantly, being provided quality education (Ibrahim & Ahmed, 2008, p. 402). For many children, jejuneness and adults today, access to learning opportunities is nolonger a luxury however, getting quality education remains to be elusive even in develop countries. The declarations of the 1990 Jomtien World Conference on Education and the 2000 Dakar World Education Forum both emphasized that to achieve Education for All (EFA) by 2015 would require, in addition to increased access to education, every countries to improve the quality and equity of education so that recognized and measurable learning outcomes are achieved by all (Ross K., 2007).Teachers are vital. Unless we disregard get more teachers, and better teachers, we forget not reach the target of making quality education available for all by 2015.The quality and standard of excellence in education depend upon the quality and standard of teachers. Strong evidence demonstrates that the quality of teachers is the most significant educational foreplay for quality learning in schools. The importance of the role of the teacher as an agent of change, promoting understanding and tolerance, has never been more obvious than today (Delors, Mufti, Amagi, Carneiro, Chung, Geremek, Gorham, Kornhauser, Manley, Quero, Savane, Singh, Stavenhagen, Suhr, Won, & Nanzhao,1996). This is reflected in the supra discipline trend to give greater attention and effort to improve the quality of teachers.If any country aspires to compete successfully in the global acquaintance providence and convert the raw talents of its people into productive asset it has to create a world twelvemonth educational system from pre-school to postgraduate levels. A world class education is not possible without world class teachers, most importantly at the foundational levels of K -10 grades, who instruct, inform and inspire their students to quality learning and scholarship. MacBer (2000) describes the qualities of a teacher, A good teacher is kind, is generous, listens to students, encourages them, has faith in them, keeps confidences, the likes teaching children, likes teaching their subjects, takes time to explain things, helps them when they are stuck, tells them how they are doing, allow them to waste their say, doesnt give up on them, cares for their opinion, wreaks them feel clever, treats people every bit, stands up for them, makes allowances, tells the truth and is forgiving ( p. 3).Since last decade, there has been a worldwide focus on quality in education in many countries. Calls for quality teachers, quality outcomes and quality schools have become something of a mantra for politicians employing authorities and business leaders (Ibrahim & Ahmed, 2008, p. 402). K. Kennedy (2001) describes a qualityprofession and a quality classroom teaching as two sides of the same coin. It is true that we want a need a quality profession. Yet it equally true that we need individual teachers who make up the profession to be affiliated to quality teaching . What the profession as a whole says about standard of professional practice should come to life in individual classrooms (Kennedy, 2001). To produce world class teachers and empower them to educate generations of learners /scholars, the fundamental requirements have been understandably delineated in professional literature. It includes standards of what teachers need to know and be able to do.Professional Standards for TeachersStandard-setting and accreditation of teacher education are key mechanisms to ensure the quality of teacher training. Quality assurance requires Professional Standards of teacher education and an effective mechanism of teacher accreditation of teacher education institutions and programmes. Developing and implementing standards of professional practice to reflect a new model of teacher professionalism is emerging as a priority in a number of countries across the globe. Professional teaching standar ds help to make teachers knowledge and capabilities more explicit, as well as provide a powerful mechanism for defining and communicating what constitutes good teaching. They can also provide a useful framework for ongoing professional learning. Quality of teachers is reflected in their quality of teaching. To ensure quality in teaching, standards for what teachers should know and be able to do should be developed. The standards are used as the criteria for licensing or certification, recruitment, and career planning and development (Ibrahim & Ahmed, 2008, p. 414).Meaning of StandardsThe term standards can be used in at least two slipway firstly, standards are statements about what is valued statements of principle secondly, they are measures levels or measures of performance. A standard, in the later sense points to and describes a suited level of performance (Ingvarson L. , 2002). Sykes and Plastrik point out that the word standard, as in the second sense of a measure, carries different usages and nuances. One of these is the idea of a standard as a legally recognized unit, such as that of Greenwich Mean Time, or the Gold Standard, or the Standard Meter for length. Another is the plan of a standard as an authoritative orrecognized exemplar of perfection, such as the sacred books of a religious organization.Yet some other usage refers to a definite level of excellence, attainment, wealth or the like such as standard of living, standards of health or a special level of proficiency, as in playing the piano or conducting a hip replacement, for example (1993). There are two main types of standards as applied to teaching The first defines the basic tasks or duties of a teacher what a teacher is hired to do. These are the kinds of generic criteria that school administrators usually have authority to apply in appraising whether teachers are doing their basic job. The second are standards for good teaching peculiar(prenominal) to particular subject and curr iculum fields. These standards are based on professional values and images of high quality learning specific to subject fields (Ingvarson L., 1998a, pp. 32-33).Standards are used in different ways in teaching profession. For example pre-service preparation and at the time of induction, they are used to select new members of the teaching profession (Selection Standards), to assess that what graduates from teacher education courses should know and able and to do (Standards for higher qualification in teaching), to assess the teacher preparation course and institutions (Accreditation standards), and to measure the performance for full entry to the profession after probationary year (Registration / Licensing Standards). Professional Standards for teachers are also used to improve continuing Professional Development (CPD). These standards may include Employer specific standards, where permanency still applies (Permanency / Tenure standards), Standards for periodic review of performance of contractual duties for retention or dismissal decisions (Accountability standards), Standards for self-analysis and reflection on practice (Appraisal Standards for Professional Development), Profession-wide standards for exceedingly accomplished practice set by a professional body (Advanced Certification Standards) and Standards for career advancement specific to an employing authority (Promotion Standards) (Ingvarson L. 2002, p.3-6).History of Initiative or Development of Professional Standards There is considerable gratify worldwide in the potential of professional teaching standards to agree improvements in the quality of teaching and learning. This interest reflects the findings ofrecent research on quality teaching (Darling-Hammond. 2000 Cuttance, 2001 Rivkin, Hanushek & Kain, 2000). The development of professional standards has proceeded with remarkable speed at heart a number of countries. Developments have been driven by a diverse range of factors. It includes the de mand for greater accountability, the desire to reform education, the need to strengthen teacher professional development and the introduction of teacher performance appraisal (Mulcahy, 2003).A brief history of development of Professional Standards around the world United States of AmericaAt the national level, the establishment of the depicted object batting order for Professional principle Standards (NBPTS) has dominated discussion of professional standards in the United States. The National Board established in 1987 in response to the criticisms of teaching standards in A Nation at Risk, is credited as being the catalyst for action in the United States. The National Boards missionary station was to establish rigorous standards for what accomplished teachers should know and be able to do. The vast canopy of NBPTS standards of accomplished teaching is built on five core, underpinning propositions. (1) Teachers are committed to students and their learning (2) Teachers know the su bjects they teach and how to teach those subjects to students (3) Teachers are responsible for managing and monitoring student learning (4) Teachers think systematically about their practice and learn from produce and (5) Teachers are members of learning communities (NBPTS, 1987).Interstate New Teacher appraisal and Support Consortium (INTASC) is a consortium of state education agencies, higher education institutions, and national educational organisations give to the reform of the education, licensing, and on-going professional development of teachers in the USA, which had also formulated the professional standards for teachers. INTASCs mission is to promote standards-based reform through the development of model standards and assessments for beginning teachers (INTASC, 2006). In comparison with the National Boards approach to developing standards, the INTASC standards are performance-based, that is they describe what teachers should know and be able to do rather than listing cou rses that teachers should take in order to be awarded a licence (Ibrahim & Ahmad, 2008, p. 418). Developed for purposes of licensingbeginning teachers, they do not differ markedly in knowledge or skills requirements from those used by the NBPTS for accreditation of accomplished teachers. Where they do differ is in the expectation that accomplished teachers will be able to demonstrate their knowledge and skills in more refined ways (Ramsey, 2000, p. 22).The United KingdomThe issue of standards for teachers has been a focus of policy development in England for most of the last decade. quadruple separate agencies are now involved in the development, monitoring and accreditation of teachers against educational standards. They are (1) The Teacher Training chest of drawers (TTA) or Training and Development Agency (TDA) (2) Office for Standards in Education (OFSTED) (3) The General instruct Council (GTC) (4) The Further Education National Training Organisation (FENTO). The General educ ation Council (GTC) was established by the Teaching and Higher Education Act 1998, started work on 1 September 2000 as the independent professional body for teaching in England. The Act gave effect to a long-held aspiration to give teaching the same status as other self-regulating professions, such as nursing. It set the GTC two aims (1) to contribute to ameliorate standards of teaching and the quality of learning, and (2) to maintain and improve standards of professional conduct among teachers, in the interests of the everyday.The GTC code has been revised and is effective from September 2009. The Code describes professionalism in practice in relation to registered teachers (1) Put the wellbeing, development and progress of children and young people first (2) Take responsibility for maintaining the quality of their teaching practice (3) Help children and young people to become confident and successful learners (4) Demonstrate respect for diversity and promote equality (5) Strive to establish productive partnerships with parents and carers (6) Work as part of a whole-school team (7) Co-operate with other professional colleagues (8) Demonstrate honesty and integrity and uphold public trust and confidence in the teaching profession (The General Teaching Council (GTC), 2009).AustraliaThe issue of standards is under discussion in Australia since 1980s. Professional Standards for teachers have been developed both at National and state/ province level after a long and continuous struggle. This Standardmovement can be divided into two parts. (1) First Phase of standards development (1980 1999), (2) Second Phase of standards development (21st Century). almost of the initial work on professional standards done in first period was the result of state government agencies or employers. However, no comparable professional standards for teachers were developed. Accreditation of teacher education programs, entry to and succession within the teaching profession was organ ized in line with the particular qualification or registration requirements within each State or Territory. Regulatory bodies for teachers within Australia were state-based (Mulchay & Jasman, 2003, p. 13). In the second phase of standards develop movement the responsibility of developing professional standards was squarely move with the profession.It was increasingly argued that standards should be generated by the teachers so that establishment of these standards would craft point of reference for teachers. Ingvarson (1998, p. 127) writing in the context of school teaching, argues that teaching standards need to be embedded in the teaching of a particular subject if they are to be valid representations of expertise and useful guides to professional development (as cited in Mulchay & Jasman, 2003, p. 16). The National Standards for Teachers (the Standards) in Australia has been validated and finalized by The Australian Institute for Teaching and School Leadership (AITSL) in collabo ration with The Ministerial Council for Education, Early Childhood Development and offspring Affairs (MCEECDYA) in 2010. The National Professional Standards for Teachers were endorsed by MCEECDYA in December 2010. The Standards represents an analysis of effective, contemporary practice by teachers throughout Australia.Their development included a synthesis of the descriptions of teachers knowledge, practice and professional engagement used by teacher accreditation and registration authorities, employers and professional associations (The Australian Institute for Teaching and School Leadership (AITSL), 2011). The septenary Standards identify what is expected of teachers within three domains of teaching (Professional receiptledge, Professional Practice and Professional Engagement) within their four stages (Graduate, Proficient, Highly accomplished and Lead Teacher) of their careers .Teachers demonstration of the Standards will occur within their specific teaching context at their st age of expertise and reflect the learning requirements of the students they teach (AITSL, 2011). The Standards are(1) Know students and how they learn (2) Know the content and how to teach it (3) Plan for and implement effective teaching and learning (4) Create and maintain supportive and safe learning environments (5) Assess, provide feedback and report on student learning (6) Engage with professional learning (7) Engage professionally with colleagues, parents/carers and the community (AITSL, 2011, p. 5).PakistanThe Ministry of Education, with the cooperation of United Nations educational Scientific and ethnical Organization (UNESCO) and the financial support of United States Agency for International Development (USAID), has developed National Professional Standards for Teachers in Pakistan. These standards frame a vision of the qualifications Pakistan expects of its teachers. These expectations need to be of national preserve because teachers are the heart of the nations effort t o assure a better future for all children and youth (United Nation Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), 2011).These standards were launched on the 23 of February of 2009 and it is hoped that with them, a wider discussion on teacher quality will emerge and be accompanied by concrete actions dedicated to its improvement. The standards are (1)Subject matter knowledge (2) Human growth and development (3) Knowledge of Islamic ethical values/social life skills (4) Instructional planning and strategies (5) legal opinion (6) Learning environment (7) Effective communication and proficient use of information communication technologies (8) Collaboration and partnerships (9) Continuous professional development and code of conduct (10) Teaching of English as second/foreign language (ESL/EFL) (Government Of Pakistan, 2009).CONCLUSIONEducation is an essential need of life. The quality of life depends upon the quality of education. A quality education system depends upon the well qualified teachers. To measure the ability and performance of the teachers we need some basis and standards provide these bases for evaluation or comparison of teachers. Just like many other professions professional standards for teachers are being introduced in education in different countries of the world including Pakistan. The review of literature reveals that United States of America has a pioneering role in the development of these professional standards for teachers. In many western countries likeAmerica and Australia these professional standards for teachers are being introduced by both public and private organizations, especially teachers organizations.These standards are of generic and specific types. The generic standards are introduced to general expected behavior of teachers. The specific standards are produced according to the needs of the specific subject. These standards are playing a crucial role to improve the quality of education. These standards are also mot ivating factor for teachers for their continuous professional development (CPD). In Pakistan these professional standards are recently introduced in 2009 by the federal ministry of Education government of Pakistan with the financial support of UNESCO and USAID under STEP project. These standards are in the put to work of implementation and several teachers organizations and NGOs are also closely monitoring and evaluating them. It is hoped that these standards may be used as agent of change for the betterment of education in Pakistan.BIBLIOGRAPHYCuttance, P. (2001). The impact of teaching on student learning. , in K. Kennedy (Ed.) Beyond the rhetoric building a teaching profession to support quality teaching (Canberra, Australian College of Education) , 35-55. Darling-Hammond, L. (2000). Teacher quality and student achievement a review of state policy evidence. Seatle, WA Center for the Study of Teaching and Policy, University of Washington). Delors, J., Mufti, L., Amagi, I., Carnei ro, R., Chung, F., Geremek, B., Gorham, W., Kornhauser, A., Manley, M., Quero, M.P., Savane, M.A., Singh, K., Stavenhagen, R., Suhr, M.W., Won, M. & Nanzhao, Z. (1996). Learning The treasure within history to UNESCO of the international commission on education for the twenty first century. Paris UNESCO. Freire, D. M. (1987). Literacy Reading the Word and World. London Routledge and Kegan Paul Ltd. Government Of Pakistan. (2009). National Professional Standards for Teachers in Pakistan (NPST-2009). Islamabad Ministry Of Education. Ibrahim, M. S., & Ahmad, A. R. (2008). An Analysis of Teacher Education Reforms Worldwide and the Need for the Introduction of the Teacher Professional Standards in the Contemporary Education Systems. SOSIOHUMANIKA , 401-426. Ingvarson, L. (1998a). Professional standards A challenge for the AATE. English in Australia (122), 31-44. Ingvarson, L. (2002). Development of a national standardsframework for the teaching profession. Melbourne Australian Council fo r Educational Research. INTASC. (2006). INTASC Fact sheet. Washington D.C. INTASC (Interstate New Teacher Assessment and Support Consortium). Kennedy, K. ed. (2001). Beyond the Rhetoric Building a Teaching Profession to Support Teaching. Canberra College Year Book, Australian College of Educators. McBer, H. (2000). Research into teacher effectiveness A model of teacher effectiveness. Report to the Department for Education and Employment. Mulcahy, D. (2003). Teaching standards and professionalism in TAFE prospects, possibilities and pitfalls. Department of Education Policy and Management University of Melbourne . Mulchay, D., & Jasman, A. (2003). Towards the development of standards of professional practice for the overnice TAFE teabing force. Melbourne Office of Trainig and Tertiary Education. NBPTS National Board for Professional Teaching Standards. (1987). What Teachers Should Know and be Able to Do. Detroit, MI NBTPS Ramsey, G. (2000). Quality Matters, Revitalising Teaching Cri tical Times, Critical Choices. Report of the Review of Teacher Education, NSW Dept. of Education and Training, Sydney, NSW. Rivkin, S., Hanushek, E., & Kain, J. (2000). Teachers, schools, and academic achievement, Working Paper 6691 (revised). National Bureau of Economic Research. Ross Ken. (2007). Quality and equity in basic education can we have both?, IIEP Newsletter, July-September 2007. P .9 Sykes, G., & Plastrik, P. (1993). Standard setting as educational reform. Washington D.C American Association of Colleges for Teachers of Education. The Austeralian Institute for teaching and School Leadership (AITSL). (2011). National Professional Standards for teachers, Australia The Austeralian Institute for teaching and School Leadership. The General Teaching Council (GTC), (2009). CODE OF CONDUCT AND PRACTICE FOR REGISTERED TEACHERS, London general Teaching Council for England. United Nation Educational scientiofic and Cultural Organization (UNESCO). (2011). UNESCO Islamabad, Retrieved September 2011, from Education / STEP http//unesco.org.pk/education/step.html

Life on the Color Line Essay

A- Gregory Howard Williams wrote the earmark. Before you realise the book you have no idea who he is. Once you read the book you find come forth that he is mulatto and was raised in a community that was extremely prejudice against relentlesss. The authors point of view is his elucidate story.P-The book takes place in Virginia at the beginning of the book from 1943-1952, and then in Muncie, Indiana from 1952-1969. The pedigree was produced in 1995. The meaning of the source doesnt really change at all, but now that it is afterwards the problems of racial segregation and discrimination, we are able to read it and look back on the problems of our society and make sure it doesnt happen again.P- Other than what I learned from the book, I actually knew a lot. I knew that in the 1940s-50s there was a major problem with racial discrimination. I knew that the way whites tough blacks was terrible and unjust. I also knew that blacks looked toward whites as horrible people and that it w as taboo to interracially date/marry. This helped me discontinue understand why the whites were treating Greg the way that they were and why the blacks had a hard time accepting him into their community.A- The audience is for teenagers and adults. Its pretty graphic so it is intended to be taken seriously and with an open mind. It is it is more so towards teenagers and people with hard lives to show that they arent the only ones going through well-nighthing difficult, because he went through some really complicated times and is now leading a successful, happy life.R-This book was produced in narrate to show what life was like for the mulatto race and how difficult it was for them. It is an inspirational book to tell people that they house go through anything if they keep their eyes on a goal and work towards it, no payoff how hard it gets.T-The theme of the book was trials and success. It tells of his early child hood having to be both white and black in a community that was ex tremely prejudiced. It shows how he finds his way by keeping with the black enamor and embracing it as his own lifestyle. It shows the difficulties he had with bullies and ignorant people and how he used academics as a way to stay out of trouble. It shows how he has to live with an alcoholic father and how he takes care of him compensate though he would probably be amend off not worrying about him. It shows how he went through an extremely difficult childhood and was able to graduate college with a doctorate in law.S-This book is significant because it gives us a deeper look into how messed up our society was during the late 1900s. It gives us a better understanding into the life that we arent familiar with because we usually just look at the black or white side of the story. Life on the Color Line makes us realize that it was just as hard for mulattos in that time as it was for blacks.

Adventure in pisay

Bachelor of Secondary Education major in Biological accomplishment Year and segmentation AAA Resource Teacher 1 Mrs.. Minute Date August 4, 2014 Cooperating School Philippine Science High School Bucolic Region Campus Instructional corporals are designed for use by students and teachers as a earning resource for students to acquire essential knowledge, skills, abilities and dispositions.This includes print and non-print literals, including comprehensive/ core textbooks, supplemental materials, web-based and electronic textbooks, and different type of Instructional materials being use by teachers in a classroom. Topic Culture Media breeding Instructional Material used Power point presentation and Textbook Instructions use the checklist beneath to evaluate the instructional material (s) use by our resource teacher.Place a (0 mark on the white before each item If the instructional material (s) fit the description or an (x) mark If It does not fit the description. 1. The instruct ional materials used by the teacher align with the learning objectives. Lesson. 2. The instructional material is prehend for the content of the 3. It supports self-directed learning. 4. The Instructional material is flexible In Its use. 5.The Instructional trials reinforce the learning and pass water Interest of the learners. 6. It commensurate with students learning abilities. Active learning. 7. It engages student in 8. Real-world application is relevant to students. 9. Instructional material provides access to or demonstrates concepts in multiple ways, allowing for a variety of students responses. Of skills and concepts at grade level. 10. Instructional material Includes application 11. The Instructional material present

The Cause and Effect of Alcoholism

Alcoholism is a cause that haves numerous effects on people in the United States today. Its defined as a condition that resulted in the continue enjoyments of alcoholic beverageics beverages, despite health problems and negative social consequences. The symptoms of alcoholism vary from person to person, besides the most common symptoms seen argon changes in emotional state, behavior, or personality. Alcoholics whitethorn become angry and argumentative, and reclusive or depressed. They may also feel more anxious, sad, tense, and confused.Alcoholism is a treatable disease and many discussion programs and approaches are available to support alcoholics who have decided to get help, but no medical repossess is available. Regardless of how someone is diagnosed as alcohol dependent or how they came to realize they have a stark drinking problem, the first step to give-and-take is a sincere desire to get help. Alcoholics who are pressured into treatment by social pressure or forced t o quit by circumstances rarely pursue in the long run. Next, I provide like to discuss the causes, effects and consequences of Alcoholics.There are some(prenominal) possible causes of alcoholism and risk factors for the disease. Alcoholic liver disease usually occurs after years of profligate drinking. The longer you use alcohol and the more alcohol consumed, the greater the likelihood of developing liver disease. penetrating alcoholic hepatitis can result from binge drinking. It may be life-threatening if unholy. People who drink overly can become malnourished because of the empty calories from alcohol, reduced appetite, and poor absorption of nutrients in the intestines.Malnutrition contributes to liver disease. These are many causes that come from drinking a constant amount of Alcohol. The effects that alcohol has on the homosexual body range from short to long term symptoms. As a person consumes alcoholic drinks the confirm immediately absorbs the alcohol and it enters into the bloodstream. Depending on the features such as the age, weight, sex, and body size of an individual the alcohol will affect people in many different ways.Some of the lighter effects of the intake of alcohol comprise lightheadedness, while other effects with an increased amount of alcohol consumed include queasiness, vomiting, slurred pitch and vision, and an increased amount of dizziness. There are many consequences of drinking that can lead to an addiction ordinarily known as alcoholism. Permanent long term effects of consumption can lead to severe damage to essential organs as the liver and brain. If a sustained period of no consumption happens, many effects such as anxiety, delusion, and shuddering may occur.Drinking alcohol during pregnancy may lead to birth defects in infants commonly known as fetal alcohol syndrome. Retardation and perpetual physical deformities are common in many cases, and investigative studies have shown that offspring of alcoholic parents are a t a great deal higher possibility of becoming alcoholics themselves. In conclusion, there are several causes, effects, and consequences of Alcoholism that I have mentioned. Many people that use alcohol do non understand how harmful it is to their body. After reading my essay I hope you have a advance understanding of why drinking to much alcohol is bad for you.

Business communication review Essay

IntroductionA group of friends and I squander decided to coif a small backup known as Beyond The Scoop. I rescue now been asked to constrain a detailed report on the different type of communicating.ELECTRONIC COMMUNICATION characterization Conferencing image00.pngVideo conferencing is widely being utilise as the rise of technology is improving. Video conferencing is basically a arrest hold of exposure inter reckon in which both people dismiss see and hear each new(prenominal).It is use in bigger cooperation as it requires a lot of money to acquire the equipment for video conferencing. HSBC moderate late been using Video Conferencing as they have a range of swears all around the world. They use video conferencing in order to rebuke scrawny to propositions and other matters without the affect of travelling. Video Conferencing will reduce a great deal of expense as people no longer need travel to distant distances to meet. This means people would be more flexible to communicate to other people with the comfort of reproof of the town from their own home.On the other hand, video conferencing requires a lot of money for it to run properly. Since you need utmost net profit festinate to have a permanent video conference and high net income speed require more money. Furthermore, the equipment itself and basin add up to the thousands and there is no guarantee for a stable connection as internet providers have peak times in which most peoples connection be low. Additionally, when speaking on video conferencing it is hard to determine on whose turn is it talk and back cause a lot of frustration. driveThe purpose of video conferencing is to discuss and explain almost issues.Emailimage01.pngEmail has taken a big role nowadays and is now surpassing the need for letters. It is normally used throughout the world from teenagers to big cooperate businesses. The basic function of netmail is a inwardness sent electronically. One business which uses electronic mail would be Amazon. Amazon slings email to customers informing customers nearly their products as wellhead as delivery information.This is a great value as people tangle witht have to wait a long period of time to get information in comparison to the average memoranda. Since a someone simply needs to login to their email and the message will appear. You likewise have the favor of knowing whether or not a person has read the message and if they have received it.This great advantage in case an employee states he did not receive information from other colleague a person can considerably just login to their email and check. Email also eliminates the need for using piece of music and this is great advantage as it is environmentally friendly and it could be used for something else. An email is also superior when it comes to receiving a message in comparison to a letter. This is because an email can be sent to a person in a few seconds whereas a letter whitethorn a take a few days. In addition, addressing an email is ordinarily free where as you have to accept for sending a letter.While email has many advantages it also has a few disadvantages. For casing, it requires internet memory access to work and if the internet is down an email could not be sent. In addition, emails also have the ability to send virus along with the email and could endanger the computer receiving it. Also, people tend to get a lot of spam and phishing which could lead to the user being victim to giving financial information.PurposeThe purpose of an email is usually to inform colleagues about task as well as headstone information. It can also be used to explain task and what atomic number 18 the requirements for each tasks.Website image02.pngWebsite have do so important to the extent where some businesses simply use them rather than having an actual building to expect at their products for example Woolworths. Woolworths have all the products on their website a nd they also provide free delivery. Having a website means manufactures can sell products without the need of maintaining a store which can be highly expensive.Furthermore, some people are restricted to stay at home and going on a website is easy as you just require a computer and internet access to access a website. A website also has the advantage of easily being updated. For example if a company like Argos had a new product it could easily update that on their website. Moreover, a website is also able to present information in various forms for example sound, images, videos and written information. These features are relatively cheap and be acquired or made easily.However, a website is not finished for example it has the flaws of requiring internet access. As internet access is not always gettable to customer, customers cannot always access the website. Furthermore, some users have difficulties navigating through website because they are not great with computers. Some websites may also retrovert inappropriate images or have inappropriate adverts which might not be suitable for some users. It may have some offensive images which could lead to law suits.PurposeThe purpose of a website is usually to comport people into buying their products. It can also be used to inform readers on prices and contact details. utter typesetters case to FaceFace to prospect communication has reduced in the past few eld as technology such as telephones, social networking websites and video conferencing has came out. One company which use looking to face is PC Worlds. PC World use face to face during meetings to discuss important issues. Face to Face communication still has many advantages.One advantage is that you get dressedt need to depose on internet or any signals to be able to talk. Moreover, you are more likely to divide if a person is lying when you are talking face to face. Whereas, via email someone can be discrete and can easily lie and it would be hard to ide ntify since you cannot see their facial expression. Via face to face you are also able to use facial expressions and body language to get your time period across e.g. to be serious, persuasive or happy.image03.pngThe disadvantages are that you have to be at a close distance to be able to talk and if you are not then you might have to pay travel cost to be able close enough to be able to talk. Moreover, face to face communication requires time as you would have to talk to several(prenominal) people for confirmation that they are available and you would also need to organise a place and time which would suit and this would take a large portion of time to organise.PurposeThe purpose of face o face communication can be to inform, explain, entertain and describe.Radioimage04.pngRadio is regularly used to promote businesses as they are listened to by a abundant amount of people. For example a company called Capital are a radio set company which campaign a few companies on their channe l. Radio communications have the advantage of being widely listened as a lot of people listen to radio regularly during the morning.It is also a fact that radio communication has increasing more in comparison to other communication. This means there is wider audience to talk to. It is also significantly cheaper to use radio communication in comparison to television communication. Radio communication has now recently been available on most phones and cars and this means an even rider range of audience.The disadvantages are that it is only able to provide vocal communication and not visual communication. This means if a business was to further their products it would be hard to make a decent advertisement on radio as you would only hear about the product. Furthermore, radio communication tends not to have strong signals and a person can easily encounter interruptions in comparison to an internet connection.PurposeRadio communication is usually to entertain as most channels tend to pr ovide music to listen to as well as interesting discussions. It can be used to inform as some radio send provide information about the weather and other information.PRINTPostersimage05.pngPosters are information and images on paper which are stuck on buildings. They are used by small business and sometimes big businesses to advertise their business. For example GPU use posters as they have quite unique designs and are very effective. Posters have the advantage of being cheap. It is very simple to make a poster but for it to be effective it must(prenominal) have spirited colours to ensure it makes contact with people when they walk by. You can also make several copies and it would attract a large audience.Due to the fact it is very cheap it does have several disadvantages. One would be that a poster can be placed a top of your poster. Or someone could damage your poster. Furthermore, people usually walk by and dont often look out for posters unless it is really eye catching.Purpo sePosters are often used to entertain readers and intrigue readers with vibrant colours and outstanding images. It also is used to inform reader on key information.letterLetters are used in most businesses for example HSBC give letters informing their clients about their bank information every month. Letters have been used for a long portion of time however they are slowly being replace by email. Letters have the advantage of not needing internet connection as well as the fact you cant get viruses from them. Furthermore, you can send products to the recipient for example free samples where as you are unable to do via email. image06.pngThe disadvantage of letters is that it is a waste of trees and contributes to global warming. It also takes a significantly longer portion of time to receive in comparison to an email or a fax. In addition, it also requires money in order to send a letter whereas emailing is free as well as instant.PurposeThe purpose of a letter is used to inform and e xplain to people on particular information. It can also be used to convey personal opinions.Memorandumimage07.pngMemos were often used before emails. Schools such as Swanlea use memos to inform other teachers on some tasks. The advantages of memos is that it has the ability to remind employees on small matters which they must do.The disadvantages are that a memo can simply be lost and it may not get to the receiver. Moreover, a person can deny that they were asked to do a task on the memo since there wont be any proof that the sender sent a memo in the first place. Whereas in an email there is sold proof that you have sent an email and recently you can now pronounce if a person has read your email.PurposeA memo is used to inform people about certain task and are often are used as reminders so people dont forget.In conclusion, I have realised it would be best to use posters, leaflets, emails and a website. This is because posters can be done by our own personnel as one person is exp ertly